Notes (Mr. Taufiq)
Notes of “Chemistry XII” for FSc Part 2 published by Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore. These notes are very helpful to prepare Chemistry paper of FSc Part 2 for Federal Board, Multan Board, Faisalabad Board, Sargodha Board, Gujranwala Board, DG Khan Board, Rawalpindi Board or any other board of Punjab, Pakistan.
Chapter 01: Periodic Classification Of Elements And Periodicity
When we look at the history of the chemical sciences, we see that the more significance achievements are in the development of the periodic table. Periodic table of the elements can help us to systematize the properties of the elements … read more & download
When we look at the history of the chemical sciences, we see that the more significance achievements are in the development of the periodic table. Periodic table of the elements can help us to systematize the properties of the elements … read more & download
Chapter 02: S-Block Elements
The elements of I-A and II-A group are called S-Block elements.Their outer most orbitals are 's'. I-A group has one electron in its outermost orbital. II-A group elements has two electrons in its outer most s-orbital … read more & download
The elements of I-A and II-A group are called S-Block elements.Their outer most orbitals are 's'. I-A group has one electron in its outermost orbital. II-A group elements has two electrons in its outer most s-orbital … read more & download
Chapter 03: Group III-A And Group IV-A Elements
Group III-A of the periodic table consisted of five elements as boron(B), aluminium(Al), gallium(Ga), indium(In) and thallium(Ti). Group IV-A of the periodic table also consisted of five elements as carbon(C), silicon(Si) … read more & download
Group III-A of the periodic table consisted of five elements as boron(B), aluminium(Al), gallium(Ga), indium(In) and thallium(Ti). Group IV-A of the periodic table also consisted of five elements as carbon(C), silicon(Si) … read more & download
Chapter 04: Group V-A And Group VI-A Elements
In this chapter, we are going to understand the preparation, properties of elements of group V-A and VI-A … read more & download
In this chapter, we are going to understand the preparation, properties of elements of group V-A and VI-A … read more & download
Chapter 05: Halogen And Noble Gases
The elements of group VII-A of periodic table consisted of five elements i.e flourine(F), chlorine(C), bromine(Br), iodine(I) and astatine(At). They are called Halogens … read more & download
The elements of group VII-A of periodic table consisted of five elements i.e flourine(F), chlorine(C), bromine(Br), iodine(I) and astatine(At). They are called Halogens … read more & download
Chapter 06: Transition Elements
Those elements of the periodic table which have partially filled d or f-subshells in the atomic state and in any of the commonly occurring oxidation states are called transition elements … read more & download
Those elements of the periodic table which have partially filled d or f-subshells in the atomic state and in any of the commonly occurring oxidation states are called transition elements … read more & download
Chapter 07: Fundamental Principles Of Organic Chemistry
It was thought by early chemists that organic compounds could be formed only in living organisms. Plants and Animals are living organisms. Vital force is present in plants and animals … read more & download
It was thought by early chemists that organic compounds could be formed only in living organisms. Plants and Animals are living organisms. Vital force is present in plants and animals … read more & download
Chapter 08: Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Those organic compounds which are made up of hydrogen and carbon only are known as hydrocarbons … read more & download
Those organic compounds which are made up of hydrogen and carbon only are known as hydrocarbons … read more & download
Chapter 09: Aromatic Hydrocarbons
The term “aromatic” was introduced by kekule. He wanted to classify benzene and its derivatives. It was observed that many derivatives of benzene had “aroma” type smell … read more & download
The term “aromatic” was introduced by kekule. He wanted to classify benzene and its derivatives. It was observed that many derivatives of benzene had “aroma” type smell … read more & download
Chapter 10: Alkyl Halides
Those organic compounds which are drived from hydrocarbons by the replacement of one or more hydrogen atom by the halogen atoms are called alkyl halides … read more & download
Those organic compounds which are drived from hydrocarbons by the replacement of one or more hydrogen atom by the halogen atoms are called alkyl halides … read more & download
Chapter 11: Alcohols, Phenols And Ethers
Alcohols, phenols and ethers are very close to each other in structures. They are thought to be the derivatives of water … read more & download
Alcohols, phenols and ethers are very close to each other in structures. They are thought to be the derivatives of water … read more & download
Chapter 12: Aldehydes And Ketones
Those organic compounds which contains carbonyl functional group as their molecules are called carbonyl functional group compounds … read more & download
Those organic compounds which contains carbonyl functional group as their molecules are called carbonyl functional group compounds … read more & download
Chapter 13: Carboxylic Acids
The organic compounds which contain carboxyl functional group in them are called carboxylic acids … read more & download
The organic compounds which contain carboxyl functional group in them are called carboxylic acids … read more & download
Chapter 14: Macromolecules
The smallest particle of matter which can enter into chemical combinations is called atom. Atoms combine with each other to give molecules. Some big size molecules are called macromolecules … read more & download
The smallest particle of matter which can enter into chemical combinations is called atom. Atoms combine with each other to give molecules. Some big size molecules are called macromolecules … read more & download
Chapter 15: Common Chemicals Industries In Pakistan
In 1947, Pakistan had almost negligible industrial base. In the last 55 years upto 2002, Pakistan had changed its status with respect to industries … read more & download
In 1947, Pakistan had almost negligible industrial base. In the last 55 years upto 2002, Pakistan had changed its status with respect to industries … read more & download
Chapter 16: Environmental Chemistry
The branch of chemistry which deals with the chemicals and other pollution in the environment is called environmentak chemistry … read more & download
The branch of chemistry which deals with the chemicals and other pollution in the environment is called environmentak chemistry … read more & download